First treatment of life-threatening disease, airway patency, maintain respiratory and circulatory functions.

2.1 maintain airway patency: ⑴ remove items available oral bleeding, vomit and other secretions, can lift double chin makes the airway (may make cervical subjected to bending); alone when multiple injuries or head and neck injury, spinal cord must be given a fixed protection. Such as spinal cord injury of the head and neck should remain neutral position and vertical traction, fixed. ⑵ lost consciousness, head, face and neck trauma, those with no spontaneous breathing or difficulty breathing, should be outside the hospital early endotracheal intubation, artificial respiration, and high-flow oxygen. Under ⑶ does not affect emergency treatment, to assist the wounded lying, biased side of the head, or to impose the recovery position to prevent aspiration. .

2.2 artificial respiration: If breathing disappeared or less (shallow or slow), and must be assisted ventilation. When the mask ventilation devices such as the head, spine must be fixed. If no ventilation chest expansion, it may produce a tension pneumothorax or hemothorax should slow down breathing, surgery. Flail chest abnormal breathing control should be used sandbags covered in thick pad or floating zone, and then pressurized with tape fixed rear type who can still get hurt lateral position to control chest floating. Open pneumothorax should be closed wounds, first aid dressings can be used to cover the wound; pure tension pneumothorax immediately with a thick needle in the middle of the second intercostal clavicle piercing exhaust, tied at the end of a thick needle rubber finger along the side of the mouth, can Now the exhaust pressure.

2.3 Cycle: consider using cardiac massage or defibrillation, rescue for the cause of shock, such as tension pneumothorax, massive bleeding, choking, multiple rib fractures, such as pericardial tamponade. Shock shock supine patient should take all that head and leg elevation of about 30 ℃ immediately open (two) intravenous access, add volume, dopamine infusion. Patients with active bleeding in addition to actively rapid infusion, transfusion, add volume, we must also stop the bleeding as soon as possible; pain, but severe brain trauma, breathing difficulties, acute abdomen patient diagnosis is not clear who is disabled; against pale, clammy extremities , cold sweats should be promptly added insulation blankets.

2.4 Other treatment

⑴ occult injury: fall injury, car accident injuries, such as blunt trauma injury prone occult, the patient surface "normal", but soon the problem, even life-threatening, such as the liver, spleen, kidney rupture, myocardial injury, traumatic wet lung, blood pneumothorax. If suspicious, to the hospital, for observation.

⑵ brain injury: patients with maxillofacial injury, skull fracture, deep coma, difficulty breathing, nose and mouth bleeding or discharge, should be timely control of the airway, intubation. Exposed parts of the cranial cavity foreign bodies do not dial in addition, to be protected by dressing fixed. Ear, nose bleeding can not tamponade (possibly due to the cerebrospinal fluid), and should be promptly erased. Convulsions diazepam intramuscular, intravenous naloxone coma, intracranial hypertension with 20% mannitol infusion 250ml.

⑶ Burns: When being burned, do not shout, run or bare flame, may lie rolling. As soon as the wound surface immersed in cold water, but the use of ice water should not exceed 10 minutes. Cut burned or chemical soaked clothes, immediately rinse with cold water 30 minutes; corrosive chemical burns (including the pharynx, esophagus burns) and is available in weak acid or base, and sometimes no suitable liquid, diluted with water, then with milk or egg white, vegetable oil to protect the mucous membrane wounds; respiratory tract burns, can be expressed as sputum, dyspnea, should be early high-dose corticosteroids, when laryngeal obstruction, timely tracheotomy. Lime burns after wash-particles should be removed. Phosphorus burn wounds should be immersed in water or covered with wet gauze. When rinsing eyes, face, eyes must be opened, exposing the upper and lower dome.

⑷ limb: Do not impatient cryopreservation in the limbs torn from the machine, the machine can not be removed from the body upside down, should a power outage, open the machine out of the use of ice packs, etc. (separated limbs and ice to prevent frostbite) transporter.

⑸ spinal cord injury: Diagnosis: local pain, deformity, or numbness in the corresponding limb movement disorder, incontinence or penis stroke play.

⑹ surface injury treatment: Limbs should consider the implementation of the emergency cooling treatment. Amateur rescuers on the skin surface trauma Recommended use tap water to wash the wound. When the skin or eye contact corrosive poison, rinse with plenty of water is the most basic and the most appropriate first-aid measures. Rescuers layman damage or injury to the skin using antibiotic ointment and antibiotic ointment to use three or more than two or one type of antibiotic ointment.

⑺ Other: ① open throat injury, to prevent mediastinal emphysema, should quickly close the wound, gauze packing to stop bleeding, larynx or trachea or tracheal tube should be placed in a plastic tube. ② oral, maxillofacial trauma, oral foreign body should be removed after the lifting of glossocoma jaw reset immediately shift caused by suffocation, coma or shock desirable prone position. The main risk of venous bleeding ③ large air embolism, should temporarily hand or bandage. ④ open wound dressing applications. If bowel prolapse, wet gauze or a clean bowl and other coverage. ⑤ Do not mouth sucking snake bites can be bundled with a bandage limb (not too tight). ⑥ sharp piercing do not set aside, the application of dressing fixed so sharp without moving (relative to the body).

3. Hemostasis:

① Shiatsu artery hemostasis, oppression superficial temporal artery, facial artery, brachial artery, radial artery, ulnar artery, femoral artery proximal bleeding. Carotid artery injury can press it directly above the collarbone to the cervical transverse process. ② pressure bandage to stop bleeding, the most common and reliable, that is covered with gauze firmly bandaged. ③ tourniquet method, using a rubber band or a cloth tightly wound bleeding limbs. Note: arm bar in the upper 1/3 or 1/3, leg 1/3 junction in the femur; dressing at the proper pad; tightness in the remote can not feel the pulse of the right; should be relaxed hour 1-2 minutes.

4. Fixed

Fixation is to prevent the movement of fracture fragments and damage blood vessels, nerves, organs and implementation. Mainly used for fixing the limbs, pelvis and spine. When pre-hospital head or neck injuries, first aid can not recommend the use of cervical fixation determine when asked whether cervical damage; serious injury or trauma, although mild symptoms, but there is also recommended when the line first aid wounded fixed cervical spine. Fixed with a splint and bandage material and more, in an emergency can make the best use bamboo sticks, sticks, twigs, etc. The purpose is not to make a fixed fractures, but prevent the movement of fracture fragments, stab wounds fracture should not be sent back. Fixed to solid, elastic moderate amount of soft material to cushion between the skin and plywood. For physically squeezed, to prevent the occurrence of crush syndrome, should be lifted as soon as possible oppression, temporary brake, cooling the injured limb, to avoid pressure bandage or tourniquet.

5. Moving and transport

Spinal injury when handling, follow the axis of the injured spine, the spine is fixed or reduce bending, rolling the body over the hard stretcher, supine position. Or 2 to 3 coherent, flat from the flat, curved Shen Wu, cuddle or a disabled person looked up, one foot lift method.

Cervical patients: the cervical neck collar to prevent secondary injury, if there is no cervical collar, to have someone care help head, pulling slightly upward along the vertical axis, the head, neck torso rolling along, just forcibly moving the head is prohibited in the back pad soft pillow, the neck slightly extended backward, both sides of the head of each pad soft pillow or folded clothing. Thoracic and lumbar patients: chest waist should be soft pillow or cushion folded clothing to prevent displacement, to avoid secondary damage. Closely observed transit changes in vital signs, including sensory, reflex and circumstances, such as urine, with particular attention to changes in respiratory frequency. Continuous ECG monitoring and oxygen therapy, continuous expansion of treatment and booster. Coma, brain injury should the wounded foot forward, after the head-placement.